The governors of Florida, Virginia and Georgia all declared states of emergency Tuesday in a bid to protect fuel supplies, with some gas pumps already dry in Atlanta and other cities, as the impact from the Colonial Pipeline ransomware attack continues to ripple across the country - hitting the Southeast especially hard.
Panic buyers streamed into gas stations across the Southeast as the key pipeline that supplies the area was threatened by the attack.
More than 1,000 gas stations in the Southeast are now running out of fuel, according to S&P's Oil Price Information Service.
The Southeast is particularly vulnerable because it has fewer refineries and pipelines to deliver fuel, compared to the Northeast, which is less at risk. The Southeast is also less equipped to quickly import large quantities of gasoline from other countries, according to The Wall Street Journal.
The worst shortages were in North Carolina, where 9.7 per cent of all stations in the state were without fuel, according to Gas Buddy Tracker. Virginia was second hardest-hit, with 7.9 per cent of gas stations empty, followed by Georgia with 6.5 per cent and South Carolina with 4.3 per cent.
In five states - Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina and Virginia – demand was up by a collective 40.1 per cent on Monday.
Ron DeSantis, Republican governor of Florida; Ralph Northam, the Democrat governor of Virginia, and Brian Kemp, Georgia's Republican governor, announced their state's measures on Tuesday.
Their moves came a day after the governor of North Carolina took the same step.
Kemp announced the waiving of sales tax on gasoline until May 15 - a move which critics said could push more people to attempt to fill their cars at the pumps.
The states of emergency provide more leeway to local officials to deal with the crisis, and increases flexibility and funding for state and local governments to make sure they have enough fuel supply.
DeSantis on Tuesday night in an executive order, said 'the disruption of Colonial Pipeline operations poses a significant and immediate threat to the continued delivery of such fuel products to the State of Florida.'
Florida’s gasoline supplies are largely unaffected by the outage, but a rash of panic buying starting Monday — especially across north Florida — has caused local shortages.
Northam said: 'This emergency declaration will help the Commonwealth prepare for any potential supply shortages and ensure Virginia motorists have access to fuel as we respond to this evolving situation.'
Northam's order says that current gasoline reserves in Virginia are sufficient to address immediate supply concerns.
A government map shows a mishmash of pipelines, petroleum ports and petroleum refineries. The Southeastern area now under biggest stress shows little in the way of pipelines or refineries, whereas the Gulf area, the Northeast and the Midwest are well-covered, so aren't as at-risk from fuel shortages at the moment
People in Virginia were filling every container available with fuel amid panic over possible shortages
Motorists are seen lining up in Richmond, Virginia, on Tuesday to fill their cars amid concern about fuel shortages
A driver in Norfolk, Virginia, looks on as a fuel station announces they only have diesel
Elizabeth Dragomir (pictured) found her car ran out of gas in the parking lot in Norfolk, Virginia, on Tuesday
BJ's gas station in Norfolk, Virginia, was running out of gas on Tuesday
Kemp urged residents not to panic buy gas, and announced the state is increasing the state is increasing the weight limits for trucks transporting fuel, providing more supply for stations as they receive deliveries
Kemp signed an executive order to temporarily suspend the gas tax in Georgia in light of the Colonial Pipeline cyber attack.
He urged Georgians not to panic buy, and also announced that the state is increasing the weight limits for trucks transporting fuel, providing more supply for stations as they receive deliveries.
A small gas station chain, Parker's, which serves Georgia and South Carolina, announced on Facebook on Tuesday that customers would be limited to $50 worth of gas.
The governor's office said in a release that the order further prohibits price gouging by bad actors looking to exploit the situation.
'My office has been in close contact with company and industry officials since we first learned of the Colonial cyber attack over the weekend,' said Kemp.
'Unfortunately, extensive media coverage has caused people to panic which has resulted in higher gas prices. We are taking action to relieve some of the cost burden from Georgians as Colonial recovers by suspending fuel taxes, increasing the weight limit for supply trucks, and prohibiting price gouging.
'We expect these measures to be temporary as Colonial plans to be fully up and running later this week. There is no need to rush to the gas station to fill up every tank you have and hoard gas.
'With the measures we have taken today, I am hopeful we can get more supply to stations and get through to this weekend when we hope Colonial will return to normal.'
Jennifer Granholm, the energy secretary, urged calm.
'We know that we have gasoline; we just have to get it to the right places,' she said.
S&P's Oil Price Information Service put the number of gas stations encountering shortages at more than 1,000.
'A lot of that is because they're selling three or four times as much gasoline that they normally sell in a given day, because people do panic,' said Tom Kloza, an analyst with S&P.
'It becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy.'
Colonial Pipeline was attacked on Thursday, and closed from Friday until Monday.
It is beginning to be brought back on line, but the company - which provides 45 per cent of all fuel to the East Coast of the U.S. - warns that full service may not be resumed until the end of the week.
American Airlines has been forced to add refuel stops to two long haul flights from its Charlotte, North Carolina hub as a likely effort to conserve fuel in areas where it could run short.
'We're seeing a gas run,' said Patrick De Haan, GasBuddy's head of petroleum analysis.
'Now we're going to see more dramatic [effects] as people run to the stations and run them dry.'
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued a temporary fuel transportation waiver to increase the supply of gas.
Tankers are transporting fuel by road from Texas to areas such as Georgia, Florida, North Carolina and Virginia, where long lines are forming as people panic-buy.
Gas prices have spiked to a seven-year high after the Pipeline was forced to shut off the nation's biggest fuel pipeline in the wake of a cyberattack.
Some fuel distributors warned of 'catastrophic' shortages across the South and Northeast.
The national average for retail gasoline prices was at $2.985 as of Tuesday, according to the American Automobile Association. The last time the average gas prices were above $2.99 was back in November 2014.
Colonial Pipeline has said it is trying to 'substantially' restore operations by the end of the week but reports of gas shortages and panic buying are already emerging with motorists lining up from Florida to Virginia for fuel.
The FBI has confirmed that DarkSide, a Russian hacking outfit made up of ransomware veterans, was responsible for the attack.
Colonial Pipeline said it was working to 'substantially' resume operations by the end of this week but reports of gas shortages are already emerging up and down the East Coast as motorists were spotted lining up in Atlanta on Tuesday morning
As the shutdown entered its fifth day, dozens of motorists lined up in Atlanta, Georgia for gas on Tuesday amid shortages due to the Colonial shut down
The national average for retail gasoline prices was at $2.985 as of Tuesday, according to the American Automobile Association. The last time the average gas prices were above $2.99 was back in November 2014
The attack on Colonial Pipeline, which runs from Texas to New Jersey and transports 45 percent of the East Coast's fuel supply, is the largest assault on US energy infrastructure in history and has sent shockwaves across the industry
The White House has declined to say whether companies that have been hacked should pay a ransom to their attackers, saying it is a private sector issue
A Maryland fuel distributer warned there would be 'catastrophic' shortages in the next few days, as the shutdown enters its fifth day (pictured, drivers line up to fill their tanks in Jackson, Mississippi)
Drivers in Lynchburg, Virginia rushed to fill up their tanks last night as more than 1,000 gas stations in the Southeast reported running out of fuel
A cyberattack has forced the shutdown of 5,500 miles of Colonial Pipeline's sprawling interstate system, leaving locals rushing to buy as much gas as possible
Russian President Vladimir Putin on Tuesday denied any involvement. His spokesman said: 'Russia has nothing to do with these hacker attacks, and had nothing to do with the previous hacker attacks. We categorically do not accept any accusations against us.'
Colonial, which is based in Atlanta, Georgia, hasn't said whether it has already paid or is negotiating a ransom with the hackers.
The White House earlier declined to say whether companies that are hacked like Colonial should pay ransom to their attackers, saying instead that it was typically a 'private sector decision' - a move that has since been condemned by cybersecurity experts.
Meanwhile, as the shutdown entered its fifth day, a Maryland fuel distributor warned there would be 'catastrophic' shortages in the coming days given Colonial has only managed to restore some services in the wake of the hack.
'It's going to be catastrophic,' John Patrick, chief operating officer of Liberty Petroleum LLC, told Bloomberg.
'Governors should declare a state of emergency and ask people chasing tanker trucks to gas stations to stay home. School buses stay put.'
Fears of a looming shortage have already prompted panic buying with gas stations in various cities already running out of fuel or restricting sales.
Long lines of cars were spotted awaiting for gas at a Costco in Atlanta, Georgia on Tuesday morning
Colonial said it was working to 'substantially' resume operations by the end of this week but reports of gas shortages are already emerging up and down the East Coast, Pictured above is a gas station in Atlanta
As the shutdown entered its fifth day, motorists lined up across the South for gas. Pictured above is a gas station in Smyrna, Georgia on Monday
Drivers in Asheville, North Carolina, posted photos of long lines waiting to fill up their cars
Gas stations from Florida to Virginia have closed their pumps and a state of emergency has been declared by the governor of North Carolina after Colonial Pipeline was forced to shut off the nation's big fuel pipeline when it was hacked
The American Automobile Association is predicting that gas prices will only surge as a result of the shutdown after the national gas price average jumped six cents to $2.9. Pictured above is a gas station in Atlanta on Monday
On the streets, motorists in Atlanta were reporting having to go to three different gas stations to fill up (pictured, cars line up at a QuickTrip in Atlanta)
A clerk at a gas station in North Carolina told a reporter with WLOS the phone was ringing constantly with people desperately trying to find fuel
Motorist were also lining up for hours across Florida, North Carolina, Georgia, and Virginia ahead of an expected gasoline shortage (pictured, vehicles waiting to refuel in Waynesville, North Carolina)
Motorists were also lining for hours across Florida, North Carolina, Georgia and Virginia.
The AAA had already warned that gasoline prices could spike three to seven cents per gallon this week and said that there also could be 'limited fuel availability' in places.
'This shutdown will have implications on both gasoline supply and price, but the impact will vary regionally,' an AAA spokesperson said.
'Areas including Mississippi, Tennessee and the East Coast from Georgia into Delaware are most likely to experience limited fuel availability and prices increases as early as this week.
'These states may see prices increase three to seven cents this week.'
On the streets, motorists in Atlanta were reporting having to go to three different gas stations to fill up.
'Gas stations around Atlanta are running out of gas and the ones that have it are hiking up the prices,' said one man on Twitter.
Another said: 'Y'all better go and fill up on gas Atlanta. I finally got gas after trying at 3 gas stations.'
A third man said: 'I went to three gas stations and they were out of gas. Hope to make it to one with gas before my car stop.'
In North Carolina, a reporter with WLOS spoke to a cashier at a gas station in Robbinsville, whose pumps were dry.
'Clerk said manager told her it could be five days before they have gas again. Says phone has been ringing off the hook of people calling around to find gas,' the reporter tweeted.
Florida resident Katina Willey told Reuters she went to five gas stations before she found one that had fuel available.
'There were lines at three of the five stations I tried,' she said. Other motorists said they were seeking to fill up for fear the situation could worsen.
The pipeline, the largest in US, is responsible for transporting more than 100 million gallons of fuel - 2.5 million barrels - daily through pipelines laid out between Texas and New Jersey.
Airlines flying out of Philadelphia International Airport are burning through jet-fuel reserves and the airport has enough to last 'a couple of weeks,' a spokeswoman said.
Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport, the major hub for Delta Air Lines, said it is looking at other suppliers of fuel but that operations have not been affected.
'Hartsfield-Jackson and its airline partners are in close communications with fuel suppliers and are taking steps to mitigate any impact the Colonial incident might have,' a spokeswoman told CNBC.
'Currently, ATL is coordinating with additional suppliers to augment the airport's fuel inventory.'
Delta declined to comment on the pipeline outage.
United said that it is working with airports 'to understand the impact and our operations are not impacted at this time.'
Oil prices fell on Tuesday as fears faded that the outage would continue for weeks ahead.
'The rally in oil prices was short-lived as the Colonial Pipeline disruption seems it will not have a prolonged impact,' Edward Moya, senior market analyst at OANDA, said in a Tuesday note.
DarkSide claimed in a statement posted on the dark web on Monday that their only goal was to 'make money' and not cause chaos with their ransomware attack.
'We are apolitical, we do not participate in geopolitics,' the statement read. 'Our goal is to make money and not creating problems for society.'
'From today we introduce moderation and check each company that our partners want to encrypt to avoid social consequences in the future.'
Despite saying they want to avoid chaos, experts have warned that the shutdown of Colonial last Friday could cause extraordinary disruption and result in a spike in gas prices the longer the pipeline remains down.
The Russian embassy in the US has denied involvement, saying: 'We categorically reject the baseless fabrications of individual journalists and reiterate that Russia does not conduct 'malicious' activity in the virtual space.'
Former House Speaker Newt Gingrich on Monday night said Joe Biden should be authorized to 'order the killings of anybody overseas' who was found to be behind attacks on America's infrastructure, describing the cyberhack of the Colonial Pipeline as 'an act of war'.
Gingrich said that the United States needed more power to go after those responsible.
'On the national security part, we ought to pass a law immediately that makes this kind of hacking subject to a death penalty and the law should include a provision that the president, through a judicial process, should be able to order the killings of anybody overseas who is doing this,' he told Fox News' Sean Hannity.
'It's an act of war against the United States to do stuff like this.
'We need to react to it as an act of war, and the American people are going to look at their representatives and their senators and say, if you don't fix this, your successor will. I won't put up with it, and I won't put up with you if you don't fix it.'
Gingrich said it was pitiful that the US was falling prey to such attacks.
'We have no idea who they are. We have no idea where they are,' he said. 'If we did know who they were, we would have no mechanism to do anything about it.
'A great country can't allow people to savage it and have no consequences and wait for the next attack.
'And yet that literally is where we are.'
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